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17beab lugonthier 2026-07-02 16:43:49
Add French translations for Regularization, Support Vector Machines, and Decision Trees modules - Created "08 Regularization and high-dimensional inference.md" with detailed explanations on regularization techniques including ridge, lasso, and elastic net. - Added images for L1 and L2 geometry and regularization path. - Created "09 Support Vector Machines.md" covering SVM concepts, including margin, loss functions, kernels, and duality. - Added images for SVM margin and kernel decision boundaries. - Created "10 Decision trees and ensemble methods.md" explaining decision trees, random forests, and boosting techniques. - Added images for decision tree boundaries and forest vs tree comparison.
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# 9. Machines à vecteurs de support
1c3139 Lucas Gonthier 2026-06-30 12:04:21
Initial commit: course content (Machine Learning, MLOps) in EN and FR Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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Les machines à vecteurs de support sont des classifieurs linéaires à grande marge. Elles
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choisissent la frontière qui maximise la distance aux points les plus proches, contrôlent le
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surapprentissage avec la perte charnière et une pénalité $C$, et utilisent des noyaux pour
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ajuster des frontières non linéaires sans jamais former l'application de caractéristiques. Partout,
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les étiquettes valent $y \in \{-1,+1\}$ et la décision utilise un score brut $z = w^T x - b$.
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**Objectifs**
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- Définir l'hypothèse SVM, son hyperplan séparateur et la marge géométrique.
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- Formuler le primal à marge dure et le primal à marge souple avec perte charnière et pénalité $C$.
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- Définir les noyaux, l'astuce du noyau et la condition de Mercer.
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- Former le lagrangien, dériver le dual et les conditions KKT, et définir les vecteurs de support.
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17beab lugonthier 2026-07-02 16:43:49
Add French translations for Regularization, Support Vector Machines, and Decision Trees modules - Created "08 Regularization and high-dimensional inference.md" with detailed explanations on regularization techniques including ridge, lasso, and elastic net. - Added images for L1 and L2 geometry and regularization path. - Created "09 Support Vector Machines.md" covering SVM concepts, including margin, loss functions, kernels, and duality. - Added images for SVM margin and kernel decision boundaries. - Created "10 Decision trees and ensemble methods.md" explaining decision trees, random forests, and boosting techniques. - Added images for decision tree boundaries and forest vs tree comparison.
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## 9.1 Classifieur à marge optimale
1c3139 Lucas Gonthier 2026-06-30 12:04:21
Initial commit: course content (Machine Learning, MLOps) in EN and FR Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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Les étiquettes valent $y \in \{-1,+1\}$, avec un vecteur de poids $w \in \mathbb{R}^{n}$ et un biais $b$.
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17beab lugonthier 2026-07-02 16:43:49
Add French translations for Regularization, Support Vector Machines, and Decision Trees modules - Created "08 Regularization and high-dimensional inference.md" with detailed explanations on regularization techniques including ridge, lasso, and elastic net. - Added images for L1 and L2 geometry and regularization path. - Created "09 Support Vector Machines.md" covering SVM concepts, including margin, loss functions, kernels, and duality. - Added images for SVM margin and kernel decision boundaries. - Created "10 Decision trees and ensemble methods.md" explaining decision trees, random forests, and boosting techniques. - Added images for decision tree boundaries and forest vs tree comparison.
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### 9.1.1 Hypothèse et frontière
1c3139 Lucas Gonthier 2026-06-30 12:04:21
Initial commit: course content (Machine Learning, MLOps) in EN and FR Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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L'hypothèse est définie comme le signe du score brut $z = w^T x - b$ :
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$$\boxed{ h(x) = \operatorname{sign}(w^T x - b) }$$
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La frontière de décision est l'ensemble des points de score nul :
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$$\boxed{ w^T x - b = 0 }$$
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*Remarque :* $w$ est orthogonal à la frontière, il en fixe donc l'orientation, et $b$ fixe le décalage.
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17beab lugonthier 2026-07-02 16:43:49
Add French translations for Regularization, Support Vector Machines, and Decision Trees modules - Created "08 Regularization and high-dimensional inference.md" with detailed explanations on regularization techniques including ridge, lasso, and elastic net. - Added images for L1 and L2 geometry and regularization path. - Created "09 Support Vector Machines.md" covering SVM concepts, including margin, loss functions, kernels, and duality. - Added images for SVM margin and kernel decision boundaries. - Created "10 Decision trees and ensemble methods.md" explaining decision trees, random forests, and boosting techniques. - Added images for decision tree boundaries and forest vs tree comparison.
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### 9.1.2 Marge géométrique
1c3139 Lucas Gonthier 2026-06-30 12:04:21
Initial commit: course content (Machine Learning, MLOps) in EN and FR Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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La marge géométrique de l'exemple $i$ est définie comme sa distance signée à la frontière, rendue
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positive par l'étiquette :
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$$\boxed{ \gamma^{(i)} = y^{(i)} \, \frac{w^T x^{(i)} - b}{\lVert w \rVert} }$$
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Un point correctement classé vérifie $\gamma^{(i)} > 0$. La marge du jeu de données est la plus
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petite $\gamma^{(i)}$ sur tous les exemples.
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*Remarque :* diviser par $\lVert w \rVert$ rend la marge invariante au rééchelonnement de $(w,b)$,
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contrairement au score brut $z$.
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17beab lugonthier 2026-07-02 16:43:49
Add French translations for Regularization, Support Vector Machines, and Decision Trees modules - Created "08 Regularization and high-dimensional inference.md" with detailed explanations on regularization techniques including ridge, lasso, and elastic net. - Added images for L1 and L2 geometry and regularization path. - Created "09 Support Vector Machines.md" covering SVM concepts, including margin, loss functions, kernels, and duality. - Added images for SVM margin and kernel decision boundaries. - Created "10 Decision trees and ensemble methods.md" explaining decision trees, random forests, and boosting techniques. - Added images for decision tree boundaries and forest vs tree comparison.
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### 9.1.3 Primal à marge dure
1c3139 Lucas Gonthier 2026-06-30 12:04:21
Initial commit: course content (Machine Learning, MLOps) in EN and FR Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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En fixant l'échelle pour que les points les plus proches vérifient $y^{(i)}(w^T x^{(i)} - b) = 1$,
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maximiser la marge équivaut à minimiser $\lVert w \rVert^2$ sous une marge fonctionnelle unitaire :
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$$\boxed{ \min_{w,b} \tfrac{1}{2}\lVert w \rVert^2 \quad \text{s.c.} \quad y^{(i)}(w^T x^{(i)} - b) \ge 1 \ \ \forall i }$$
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C'est un programme quadratique convexe à contraintes linéaires, il admet donc un optimum unique.
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*Remarque :* il exige des données linéairement séparables. La leçon suivante assouplit cela avec
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des variables d'écart.
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17beab lugonthier 2026-07-02 16:43:49
Add French translations for Regularization, Support Vector Machines, and Decision Trees modules - Created "08 Regularization and high-dimensional inference.md" with detailed explanations on regularization techniques including ridge, lasso, and elastic net. - Added images for L1 and L2 geometry and regularization path. - Created "09 Support Vector Machines.md" covering SVM concepts, including margin, loss functions, kernels, and duality. - Added images for SVM margin and kernel decision boundaries. - Created "10 Decision trees and ensemble methods.md" explaining decision trees, random forests, and boosting techniques. - Added images for decision tree boundaries and forest vs tree comparison.
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![Marge SVM et vecteurs de support](/fr/Machine%20Learning/09%20Support%20Vector%20Machines/a/svm-margin.png)
1c3139 Lucas Gonthier 2026-06-30 12:04:21
Initial commit: course content (Machine Learning, MLOps) in EN and FR Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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*L'hyperplan optimal (trait plein) maximise la marge (pointillés). Les points entourés sont les vecteurs de support.*
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17beab lugonthier 2026-07-02 16:43:49
Add French translations for Regularization, Support Vector Machines, and Decision Trees modules - Created "08 Regularization and high-dimensional inference.md" with detailed explanations on regularization techniques including ridge, lasso, and elastic net. - Added images for L1 and L2 geometry and regularization path. - Created "09 Support Vector Machines.md" covering SVM concepts, including margin, loss functions, kernels, and duality. - Added images for SVM margin and kernel decision boundaries. - Created "10 Decision trees and ensemble methods.md" explaining decision trees, random forests, and boosting techniques. - Added images for decision tree boundaries and forest vs tree comparison.
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## 9.2 Perte charnière
1c3139 Lucas Gonthier 2026-06-30 12:04:21
Initial commit: course content (Machine Learning, MLOps) in EN and FR Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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Le score brut est $z = w^T x - b$ et les étiquettes valent $y \in \{-1,+1\}$.
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17beab lugonthier 2026-07-02 16:43:49
Add French translations for Regularization, Support Vector Machines, and Decision Trees modules - Created "08 Regularization and high-dimensional inference.md" with detailed explanations on regularization techniques including ridge, lasso, and elastic net. - Added images for L1 and L2 geometry and regularization path. - Created "09 Support Vector Machines.md" covering SVM concepts, including margin, loss functions, kernels, and duality. - Added images for SVM margin and kernel decision boundaries. - Created "10 Decision trees and ensemble methods.md" explaining decision trees, random forests, and boosting techniques. - Added images for decision tree boundaries and forest vs tree comparison.
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### 9.2.1 Perte charnière
1c3139 Lucas Gonthier 2026-06-30 12:04:21
Initial commit: course content (Machine Learning, MLOps) in EN and FR Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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La perte charnière est définie comme l'écart par lequel la marge $yz$ tombe sous $1$, tronqué à zéro :
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$$\boxed{ L(z,y) = \max(0,\, 1 - yz), \quad z = w^T x - b }$$
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Elle est nulle dès que $yz \ge 1$ (le point est correct et au-delà de la marge) et croît
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linéairement à l'intérieur ou au-delà de la marge.
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*Remarque :* la perte charnière est convexe mais non dérivable en $yz = 1$, on l'optimise donc
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avec des sous-gradients.
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17beab lugonthier 2026-07-02 16:43:49
Add French translations for Regularization, Support Vector Machines, and Decision Trees modules - Created "08 Regularization and high-dimensional inference.md" with detailed explanations on regularization techniques including ridge, lasso, and elastic net. - Added images for L1 and L2 geometry and regularization path. - Created "09 Support Vector Machines.md" covering SVM concepts, including margin, loss functions, kernels, and duality. - Added images for SVM margin and kernel decision boundaries. - Created "10 Decision trees and ensemble methods.md" explaining decision trees, random forests, and boosting techniques. - Added images for decision tree boundaries and forest vs tree comparison.
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### 9.2.2 Primal à marge souple
1c3139 Lucas Gonthier 2026-06-30 12:04:21
Initial commit: course content (Machine Learning, MLOps) in EN and FR Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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On introduit un écart $\xi_i \ge 0$ par exemple pour autoriser les violations de marge, pénalisé
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par $C > 0$ :
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$$\boxed{ \min_{w,b,\xi} \tfrac{1}{2}\lVert w \rVert^2 + C\sum_{i=1}^{m}\xi_i \quad \text{s.c.} \quad y^{(i)}(w^T x^{(i)} - b) \ge 1 - \xi_i, \ \ \xi_i \ge 0 }$$
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À l'optimum $\xi_i = \max(0,\, 1 - y^{(i)}(w^T x^{(i)} - b))$, donc éliminer les écarts donne la
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forme régularisée sans contrainte :
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$$\boxed{ \min_{w,b} \tfrac{1}{2}\lVert w \rVert^2 + C\sum_{i=1}^{m}\max\!\big(0,\, 1 - y^{(i)}(w^T x^{(i)} - b)\big) }$$
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C'est de la régularisation plus une perte charnière : le terme $\tfrac{1}{2}\lVert w \rVert^2$
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élargit la marge et la somme pénalise les violations.
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17beab lugonthier 2026-07-02 16:43:49
Add French translations for Regularization, Support Vector Machines, and Decision Trees modules - Created "08 Regularization and high-dimensional inference.md" with detailed explanations on regularization techniques including ridge, lasso, and elastic net. - Added images for L1 and L2 geometry and regularization path. - Created "09 Support Vector Machines.md" covering SVM concepts, including margin, loss functions, kernels, and duality. - Added images for SVM margin and kernel decision boundaries. - Created "10 Decision trees and ensemble methods.md" explaining decision trees, random forests, and boosting techniques. - Added images for decision tree boundaries and forest vs tree comparison.
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### 9.2.3 Rôle de $C$
1c3139 Lucas Gonthier 2026-06-30 12:04:21
Initial commit: course content (Machine Learning, MLOps) in EN and FR Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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| $C$ | Pénalité des violations | Marge | Comportement |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| petit | faible | large | plus de violations tolérées, variance plus faible |
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| grand | forte | étroite | moins de violations, ajuste davantage les données |
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*Remarque :* quand $C \to \infty$ aucune violation n'est tolérée, ce qui redonne le classifieur à
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marge dure.
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17beab lugonthier 2026-07-02 16:43:49
Add French translations for Regularization, Support Vector Machines, and Decision Trees modules - Created "08 Regularization and high-dimensional inference.md" with detailed explanations on regularization techniques including ridge, lasso, and elastic net. - Added images for L1 and L2 geometry and regularization path. - Created "09 Support Vector Machines.md" covering SVM concepts, including margin, loss functions, kernels, and duality. - Added images for SVM margin and kernel decision boundaries. - Created "10 Decision trees and ensemble methods.md" explaining decision trees, random forests, and boosting techniques. - Added images for decision tree boundaries and forest vs tree comparison.
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## 9.3 Noyaux
1c3139 Lucas Gonthier 2026-06-30 12:04:21
Initial commit: course content (Machine Learning, MLOps) in EN and FR Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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17beab lugonthier 2026-07-02 16:43:49
Add French translations for Regularization, Support Vector Machines, and Decision Trees modules - Created "08 Regularization and high-dimensional inference.md" with detailed explanations on regularization techniques including ridge, lasso, and elastic net. - Added images for L1 and L2 geometry and regularization path. - Created "09 Support Vector Machines.md" covering SVM concepts, including margin, loss functions, kernels, and duality. - Added images for SVM margin and kernel decision boundaries. - Created "10 Decision trees and ensemble methods.md" explaining decision trees, random forests, and boosting techniques. - Added images for decision tree boundaries and forest vs tree comparison.
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### 9.3.1 Définition d'un noyau
1c3139 Lucas Gonthier 2026-06-30 12:04:21
Initial commit: course content (Machine Learning, MLOps) in EN and FR Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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Un noyau est défini comme le produit scalaire d'une application de caractéristiques $\phi$
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appliquée à deux entrées :
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$$\boxed{ K(x,z) = \phi(x)^T \phi(z) }$$
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Un noyau valide calcule ce produit scalaire directement, donc $\phi$ n'a jamais à être formée
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(elle peut même être de dimension infinie).
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17beab lugonthier 2026-07-02 16:43:49
Add French translations for Regularization, Support Vector Machines, and Decision Trees modules - Created "08 Regularization and high-dimensional inference.md" with detailed explanations on regularization techniques including ridge, lasso, and elastic net. - Added images for L1 and L2 geometry and regularization path. - Created "09 Support Vector Machines.md" covering SVM concepts, including margin, loss functions, kernels, and duality. - Added images for SVM margin and kernel decision boundaries. - Created "10 Decision trees and ensemble methods.md" explaining decision trees, random forests, and boosting techniques. - Added images for decision tree boundaries and forest vs tree comparison.
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### 9.3.2 Astuce du noyau
1c3139 Lucas Gonthier 2026-06-30 12:04:21
Initial commit: course content (Machine Learning, MLOps) in EN and FR Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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Le dual du SVM ne dépend des données qu'à travers des produits scalaires
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$\langle x^{(i)}, x^{(j)} \rangle$. L'astuce du noyau remplace chaque produit scalaire par un noyau :
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$$\boxed{ \langle x^{(i)}, x^{(j)} \rangle \ \longrightarrow \ K(x^{(i)}, x^{(j)}) }$$
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Cela ajuste une frontière linéaire dans l'espace de caractéristiques, donc non linéaire dans
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l'espace d'origine, au prix d'évaluer $K$ au lieu de $\phi$.
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Un choix très répandu est le noyau gaussien (RBF) :
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$$\boxed{ K(x,z) = \exp\!\left( -\frac{\lVert x - z \rVert^2}{2\sigma^2} \right) }$$
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17beab lugonthier 2026-07-02 16:43:49
Add French translations for Regularization, Support Vector Machines, and Decision Trees modules - Created "08 Regularization and high-dimensional inference.md" with detailed explanations on regularization techniques including ridge, lasso, and elastic net. - Added images for L1 and L2 geometry and regularization path. - Created "09 Support Vector Machines.md" covering SVM concepts, including margin, loss functions, kernels, and duality. - Added images for SVM margin and kernel decision boundaries. - Created "10 Decision trees and ensemble methods.md" explaining decision trees, random forests, and boosting techniques. - Added images for decision tree boundaries and forest vs tree comparison.
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### 9.3.3 Condition de Mercer
1c3139 Lucas Gonthier 2026-06-30 12:04:21
Initial commit: course content (Machine Learning, MLOps) in EN and FR Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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Une fonction $K$ est un noyau valide si et seulement si, pour tout échantillon fini, sa matrice de
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Gram est symétrique semi-définie positive :
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$$\boxed{ K = K^T, \qquad K \succeq 0 }$$
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*Remarque :* c'est la condition de Mercer. Elle garantit l'existence d'une application $\phi$, donc
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le dual reste convexe.
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17beab lugonthier 2026-07-02 16:43:49
Add French translations for Regularization, Support Vector Machines, and Decision Trees modules - Created "08 Regularization and high-dimensional inference.md" with detailed explanations on regularization techniques including ridge, lasso, and elastic net. - Added images for L1 and L2 geometry and regularization path. - Created "09 Support Vector Machines.md" covering SVM concepts, including margin, loss functions, kernels, and duality. - Added images for SVM margin and kernel decision boundaries. - Created "10 Decision trees and ensemble methods.md" explaining decision trees, random forests, and boosting techniques. - Added images for decision tree boundaries and forest vs tree comparison.
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### 9.3.4 Noyaux usuels
1c3139 Lucas Gonthier 2026-06-30 12:04:21
Initial commit: course content (Machine Learning, MLOps) in EN and FR Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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| Noyau | $K(x,z)$ | Note |
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| --- | --- | --- |
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| Linéaire | $x^T z$ | pas d'application, redonne le SVM linéaire |
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| Polynomial | $(x^T z + c)^d$ | degré $d$, décalage $c$ |
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| Gaussien (RBF) | $\exp\!\big(-\tfrac{\lVert x - z \rVert^2}{2\sigma^2}\big)$ | dimension infinie, local |
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*Remarque :* un petit $\sigma$ rend le noyau RBF très local, ce qui peut surapprendre. Il se règle
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en compromis avec $C$.
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17beab lugonthier 2026-07-02 16:43:49
Add French translations for Regularization, Support Vector Machines, and Decision Trees modules - Created "08 Regularization and high-dimensional inference.md" with detailed explanations on regularization techniques including ridge, lasso, and elastic net. - Added images for L1 and L2 geometry and regularization path. - Created "09 Support Vector Machines.md" covering SVM concepts, including margin, loss functions, kernels, and duality. - Added images for SVM margin and kernel decision boundaries. - Created "10 Decision trees and ensemble methods.md" explaining decision trees, random forests, and boosting techniques. - Added images for decision tree boundaries and forest vs tree comparison.
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![Frontière de décision avec noyau RBF](/fr/Machine%20Learning/09%20Support%20Vector%20Machines/a/svm-kernel.png)
1c3139 Lucas Gonthier 2026-06-30 12:04:21
Initial commit: course content (Machine Learning, MLOps) in EN and FR Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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*Un noyau RBF sépare des classes non linéairement séparables, par une frontière non linéaire dans l'espace d'entrée.*
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17beab lugonthier 2026-07-02 16:43:49
Add French translations for Regularization, Support Vector Machines, and Decision Trees modules - Created "08 Regularization and high-dimensional inference.md" with detailed explanations on regularization techniques including ridge, lasso, and elastic net. - Added images for L1 and L2 geometry and regularization path. - Created "09 Support Vector Machines.md" covering SVM concepts, including margin, loss functions, kernels, and duality. - Added images for SVM margin and kernel decision boundaries. - Created "10 Decision trees and ensemble methods.md" explaining decision trees, random forests, and boosting techniques. - Added images for decision tree boundaries and forest vs tree comparison.
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## 9.4 Lagrangien et dualité
1c3139 Lucas Gonthier 2026-06-30 12:04:21
Initial commit: course content (Machine Learning, MLOps) in EN and FR Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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17beab lugonthier 2026-07-02 16:43:49
Add French translations for Regularization, Support Vector Machines, and Decision Trees modules - Created "08 Regularization and high-dimensional inference.md" with detailed explanations on regularization techniques including ridge, lasso, and elastic net. - Added images for L1 and L2 geometry and regularization path. - Created "09 Support Vector Machines.md" covering SVM concepts, including margin, loss functions, kernels, and duality. - Added images for SVM margin and kernel decision boundaries. - Created "10 Decision trees and ensemble methods.md" explaining decision trees, random forests, and boosting techniques. - Added images for decision tree boundaries and forest vs tree comparison.
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### 9.4.1 Lagrangien
1c3139 Lucas Gonthier 2026-06-30 12:04:21
Initial commit: course content (Machine Learning, MLOps) in EN and FR Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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Pour un objectif primal $f(w)$ avec contraintes d'inégalité $g_i(w) \le 0$ et multiplicateurs
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$\beta_i \ge 0$, le lagrangien est défini comme :
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$$\boxed{ \mathcal{L}(w,\beta) = f(w) + \sum_{i=1}^{m} \beta_i \, g_i(w) }$$
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Appliqué au primal SVM $\tfrac{1}{2}\lVert w \rVert^2$ avec contraintes
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$1 - y^{(i)}(w^T x^{(i)} - b) \le 0$, les conditions de stationnarité $\nabla_w \mathcal{L} = 0$ et
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$\partial_b \mathcal{L} = 0$ donnent :
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$$\boxed{ w = \sum_{i=1}^{m} \beta_i\, y^{(i)} x^{(i)}, \qquad \sum_{i=1}^{m} \beta_i\, y^{(i)} = 0 }$$
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Le $w$ optimal est donc une combinaison linéaire des entrées d'apprentissage pondérées par
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$\beta_i y^{(i)}$.
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17beab lugonthier 2026-07-02 16:43:49
Add French translations for Regularization, Support Vector Machines, and Decision Trees modules - Created "08 Regularization and high-dimensional inference.md" with detailed explanations on regularization techniques including ridge, lasso, and elastic net. - Added images for L1 and L2 geometry and regularization path. - Created "09 Support Vector Machines.md" covering SVM concepts, including margin, loss functions, kernels, and duality. - Added images for SVM margin and kernel decision boundaries. - Created "10 Decision trees and ensemble methods.md" explaining decision trees, random forests, and boosting techniques. - Added images for decision tree boundaries and forest vs tree comparison.
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### 9.4.2 Problème dual
1c3139 Lucas Gonthier 2026-06-30 12:04:21
Initial commit: course content (Machine Learning, MLOps) in EN and FR Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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En réinjectant ces relations, on élimine $w$ et $b$, ce qui laisse un problème en $\beta$ ne
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dépendant des données qu'à travers des produits scalaires :
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$$\boxed{ \max_{\beta} \ \sum_{i=1}^{m}\beta_i - \tfrac{1}{2}\sum_{i,j}\beta_i \beta_j\, y^{(i)} y^{(j)} \langle x^{(i)}, x^{(j)} \rangle \quad \text{s.c.} \quad \beta_i \ge 0, \ \ \sum_{i}\beta_i y^{(i)} = 0 }$$
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17beab lugonthier 2026-07-02 16:43:49
Add French translations for Regularization, Support Vector Machines, and Decision Trees modules - Created "08 Regularization and high-dimensional inference.md" with detailed explanations on regularization techniques including ridge, lasso, and elastic net. - Added images for L1 and L2 geometry and regularization path. - Created "09 Support Vector Machines.md" covering SVM concepts, including margin, loss functions, kernels, and duality. - Added images for SVM margin and kernel decision boundaries. - Created "10 Decision trees and ensemble methods.md" explaining decision trees, random forests, and boosting techniques. - Added images for decision tree boundaries and forest vs tree comparison.
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Les produits scalaires sont exactement l'endroit où l'on substitue un noyau $K$ (voir [Noyaux](/fr/Machine%20Learning/09%20Support%20Vector%20Machines#93-noyaux)).
1c3139 Lucas Gonthier 2026-06-30 12:04:21
Initial commit: course content (Machine Learning, MLOps) in EN and FR Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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17beab lugonthier 2026-07-02 16:43:49
Add French translations for Regularization, Support Vector Machines, and Decision Trees modules - Created "08 Regularization and high-dimensional inference.md" with detailed explanations on regularization techniques including ridge, lasso, and elastic net. - Added images for L1 and L2 geometry and regularization path. - Created "09 Support Vector Machines.md" covering SVM concepts, including margin, loss functions, kernels, and duality. - Added images for SVM margin and kernel decision boundaries. - Created "10 Decision trees and ensemble methods.md" explaining decision trees, random forests, and boosting techniques. - Added images for decision tree boundaries and forest vs tree comparison.
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### 9.4.3 KKT et vecteurs de support
1c3139 Lucas Gonthier 2026-06-30 12:04:21
Initial commit: course content (Machine Learning, MLOps) in EN and FR Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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À l'optimum, l'écart complémentaire lie chaque multiplicateur à sa contrainte :
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$$\boxed{ \beta_i \big[\, y^{(i)}(w^T x^{(i)} - b) - 1 \,\big] = 0 }$$
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Les vecteurs de support sont définis comme les exemples à multiplicateur non nul :
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$$\boxed{ \text{vecteurs de support} = \{\, i : \beta_i > 0 \,\} }$$
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Ce sont les points exactement sur la marge. Tous les autres ont $\beta_i = 0$ et n'influencent pas
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$w$.
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17beab lugonthier 2026-07-02 16:43:49
Add French translations for Regularization, Support Vector Machines, and Decision Trees modules - Created "08 Regularization and high-dimensional inference.md" with detailed explanations on regularization techniques including ridge, lasso, and elastic net. - Added images for L1 and L2 geometry and regularization path. - Created "09 Support Vector Machines.md" covering SVM concepts, including margin, loss functions, kernels, and duality. - Added images for SVM margin and kernel decision boundaries. - Created "10 Decision trees and ensemble methods.md" explaining decision trees, random forests, and boosting techniques. - Added images for decision tree boundaries and forest vs tree comparison.
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### 9.4.4 Décision à noyau
1c3139 Lucas Gonthier 2026-06-30 12:04:21
Initial commit: course content (Machine Learning, MLOps) in EN and FR Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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Remplacer le produit scalaire par un noyau donne une règle de décision exprimée uniquement à
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travers les vecteurs de support :
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$$\boxed{ h(x) = \operatorname{sign}\!\left( \sum_{i=1}^{m} \beta_i\, y^{(i)}\, K(x^{(i)}, x) - b \right) }$$
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*Remarque :* seuls les vecteurs de support ($\beta_i > 0$) contribuent, donc le coût de prédiction
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croît avec leur nombre, pas avec $m$.
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17beab lugonthier 2026-07-02 16:43:49
Add French translations for Regularization, Support Vector Machines, and Decision Trees modules - Created "08 Regularization and high-dimensional inference.md" with detailed explanations on regularization techniques including ridge, lasso, and elastic net. - Added images for L1 and L2 geometry and regularization path. - Created "09 Support Vector Machines.md" covering SVM concepts, including margin, loss functions, kernels, and duality. - Added images for SVM margin and kernel decision boundaries. - Created "10 Decision trees and ensemble methods.md" explaining decision trees, random forests, and boosting techniques. - Added images for decision tree boundaries and forest vs tree comparison.
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### 9.4.5 Du primal à la décision
1c3139 Lucas Gonthier 2026-06-30 12:04:21
Initial commit: course content (Machine Learning, MLOps) in EN and FR Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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```mermaid
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flowchart TD
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A["QP primal : minimiser demi norme au carre"]
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B["lagrangien avec multiplicateurs"]
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C["probleme dual en beta"]
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D["conditions KKT"]
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E["vecteurs de support : beta superieur a zero"]
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F["regle de decision a noyau"]
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A --> B
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B --> C
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C --> D
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D --> E
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E --> F
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```
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*Les machines à vecteurs de support tracent une seule frontière, éventuellement à noyau. La dernière partie suit une autre voie : découper l'espace des variables par des règles simples et combiner de nombreux modèles en un ensemble.*
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---
17beab lugonthier 2026-07-02 16:43:49
Add French translations for Regularization, Support Vector Machines, and Decision Trees modules - Created "08 Regularization and high-dimensional inference.md" with detailed explanations on regularization techniques including ridge, lasso, and elastic net. - Added images for L1 and L2 geometry and regularization path. - Created "09 Support Vector Machines.md" covering SVM concepts, including margin, loss functions, kernels, and duality. - Added images for SVM margin and kernel decision boundaries. - Created "10 Decision trees and ensemble methods.md" explaining decision trees, random forests, and boosting techniques. - Added images for decision tree boundaries and forest vs tree comparison.
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